On 11 November 2025, the Munich Regional Court held that AI models’ internal “memorisation” of lyrics—and their reproduction in chatbot outputs—can constitute unauthorised duplication under German/EU copyright law. The TDM exception didn’t apply because lasting parametric storage isn’t a “temporary” analysis. If this holds on appeal, expect sharper lines on licensing and accountability for AI training data across the EU.

Read the full article by Troels Stokholm and Monika Colak here.